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UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS
UG Degree : 1st Year 2nd
Semester
NON-MAJOR ELECTIVE PAPER
STRESS MANAGEMENT
Syllabus
UNIT 1: The nature of stress? The stressor, stress
reactivity, stress cycle.
UNIT 2: General Adaption Syndrome, consequences of
stress, model of stress.
UNIT 3: Stress Management- Assessment of stress,
taking control, life events and stress, success analysis.
UNIT 4: Asserting Self, Communication, Time
Management.
UNIT 5: Relaxation Technique: Meditation, Autogenic
Training and Imagery, Progressive Relaxation.
*****
UNIT 1:
The Nature of Stress
What is Stress?
Stress is a psychological condition and body
discomfort. It is a common phenomenon associated with a feeling of emotional or
physical tension. When the person experiences a constraint inhibiting the
accomplishment of desire and demand for accomplishment, it leads to potential
stress. Every individual experience stress at some or other time.
Stress can be short-term or long-term.
Both can lead to a variety of symptoms, but chronic stress can take a serious
toll on the body over time and have long-lasting health effects.
Some common signs of stress:
·
Changes in mood
·
Difficulty
sleeping
·
Digestive
problems
·
Feeling anxious
·
Frequent sickness
·
Headaches
·
Low energy
·
Muscle tension,
especially in the neck and shoulders
·
Physical aches
and pains
Nature of Stress
Stress is not a factor that resides in the
individual or the environment, instead it is embedded in an ongoing process
that involves individuals transacting with their social and cultural
environments.
Types of Stress
Not all types of stress are harmful or
even negative. Some of the different types of stress that you might experience
include:
Acute stress: Acute stress is a very
short-term type of stress that can either be positive or more distressing; this
is the type of stress we most often encounter in day-to-day life.
Chronic stress: Chronic stress is stress
that seems never-ending and inescapable, like the stress of a bad marriage or
an extremely taxing job; chronic stress can also stem from traumatic
experiences and childhood trauma.
Episodic acute stress: Episodic acute
stress is acute stress that seems to run rampant and be a way of life, creating
a life of ongoing distress.
Eustress: Eustress is fun and exciting.
It's known as a positive type of stress that can keep you energized. It's
associated with surges of adrenaline, such as when you are skiing or racing to
meet a deadline.
Causes:
There are many different things in life
that can cause stress. Some of the main sources of stress include work,
finances, relationships, parenting, and day-to-day inconveniences.
Stress can also lead to some unhealthy
habits that have a negative impact on your health. For example, many people
cope with stress by eating too much or by smoking. These unhealthy habits
damage the body and create bigger problems in the long-term.
Impact of Stress:
The connection between your mind and body
is apparent when you examine the impact stress has on your life.
Feeling stressed out over a relationship,
money, or your living situation can create physical health issues. The inverse
is also true. Health problems, whether you're dealing with high blood pressure
or you have diabetes, will also affect your stress level and your mental
health. When your brain experiences high degrees of stress, your body reacts
accordingly.
Serious acute stress, like being involved
in a natural disaster or getting into a verbal altercation, can trigger heart
attacks, arrhythmias, and even sudden death. However, this happens mostly in
individuals who already have heart disease.
Stress also takes an emotional toll. While
some stress may produce feelings of mild anxiety or frustration, prolonged
stress can also lead to burnout, anxiety disorders, and depression.
Chronic stress can have a serious impact
on your health as well. If you experience chronic stress, your autonomic
nervous system will be overactive, which is likely to damage your body.
----
The Stressor
A stressor is a chemical or biological
agent, environmental condition, external stimulus or an event seen as causing
stress to an organism. Psychologically speaking, a stressor can be events or
environments that individuals might consider demanding, challenging, and/or
threatening individual safety.
There are all kind of factors that can
cause stress. They range from physical illness to financial problems, to change
of work, to strain relations, to loss of dear one, to social situations. All
these stressors can be listed under:
1) Emotional stressors
2) Family stressors
3) Social stressors
4) Change stressors
5) Chemical stressors
6) Work stressors
7) Decision stressors
8) Commuting stressors
9) Phobia stressors
10) Physical stressors
11) Disease stressors
12) Pain stressors
13) Environmental stressors
Dimensions of Stressors:
The
stresses which people experience also vary in terms of
Intensity
Duration
Complexity
Predictability
----
Stress reactivity
Stress reactivity is the capacity or
tendency to respond to a stressor. It is a disposition that underlies
individual differences in responses to stressors and is assumed to be a
vulnerability factor for the development of diseases.
People respond differently when exposed
to the same stressor. Such differences can be observed in all four major stress
response domains, namely, physiology, behavior, subjective experience, and
cognitive function. Within the physiological domain, two response systems are
of particular importance: cardiovascular responses (indicated by blood pressure
and heart rate), driven by sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, and
output of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol from the adrenal cortex, driven
by hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Stress reactivity is
assumed to be stable over time.
----
Stress Cycle
The stress experience will be determined
by the resources of the person, such as money, social skills, coping style,
support networks, etc
Personality Characteristics:
Physiological: An individual’s experiences of stress
depend on the physiological strength of that person. Thus, individuals with
poor physical health and weak constitution would be more vulnerable than would
be those who enjoy good health and strong constitution.
Psychological: Psychological characteristics like
mental health, temperament, and self concept are relevant to the experience of
stress.
Cultural: The cultural context in which we live
determines the meaning of any event and defines the nature of response that is
expected under various conditions.
Appraisal of Stress:
The perception of stress is dependent upon
the individual’s cognitive appraisal of events and the resources available to
deal with them. An individual’s response to a stressful situation largely
depends upon the perceived events and how they are interpreted or appraised.
Lazarus has distinguished between two types of appraisal, i.e. primary and
secondary.
Primary Appraisal: Primary appraisal refers to the perception
of a new or changing environment as positive, neutral or negative in its
consequences.
Secondary Appraisal: When one perceives an event as
stressful, they are likely to make a secondary appraisal, which is the
assessment of one’s coping abilities and resources and whether they will be
sufficient to meet the harm, threat or challenge of the event. These resources
may be mental, physical, personal or social. If one thinks one has a positive
attitude, health, skills and social support to deal with the crises s/he will
feel less stressed.
These appraisals are very subjective and
will depend on many factors. One factor is the past experience of dealing with
such a stressful condition. If one has handled similar situations very
successfully in the past, they would be less threatening for her/him. Another
factor is whether the stressful event is perceived as controllable, i.e.
whether one has mastery or control over a situation. A person who believes that
s/he can control the onset of a negative situation, or its adverse
consequences, will experience less amount of stress than those who have no such
sense of personal control.
Psychological Stress:
These are
stresses that we generate ourselves in our minds and are unique to the person experiencing
them. These are internal sources of stress. Some of the important sources of
psychological stress are frustration, conflicts, internal and social pressures,
etc. We worry about problems, feel anxiety, or become depressed.
Frustration
results from the blocking of needs and motives by something or someone that
hinders us from achieving a desired goal. There could be a number of causes of
frustration such as social discrimination, interpersonal hurt, low grades in
school, etc.
Conflicts
may occur between two or more incompatible needs or motives, e.g. whether to
study dance or psychology. You may want to continue studies or take up a job.
There may be a conflict of values when you are pressurized to take any action
that may be against the values held by you.
Internal
pressures stem from beliefs based upon expectations from inside us to ourselves
such as, ‘I must do everything perfectly’. Such expectations can only lead to
disappointment. Many of us drive ourselves ruthlessly towards achieving unrealistically
high standards in achieving our goals.
Social
pressures may be brought about from people who make excessive demands on us.
This can cause even greater pressure when we have to work with them. Also,
there are people with whom we face interpersonal difficulties, ‘a personality
clash’ of sorts.
-----
UNIT 2: General Adaption Syndrome, consequences of stress, model of
stress
General Adaption Syndrome
General
adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a theory that describes the physiological changes
the body experiences when under stress.
The syndrome includes three stages: the
alarm reaction stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage.
The alarm stage:
It contains two substages: In the shock phase, body
temperature and blood pressure both decrease. Loss of fluid from body tissues
also occurs.
In the countershock phase, the body’s fight-or-flight
response is triggered. Heart rate and blood pressure increase as stress
hormones and adrenaline are released.
The resistance stage:
Following the alarm stage, the body begins to repair
itself. If the stressful situation is resolved, the body continues to repair
itself until it returns to its pre-stress state. If the stressful situation is
not resolved, the body remains on high alert, eventually adapting to the higher
stress level. Stress hormones and blood pressure remain elevated. This can lead
to hypertension and heart problems as well as irritability, frustration, and
poor concentration.
The exhaustion stage:
This stage occurs during prolonged or
chronic stress when the body’s adaptation to higher stress levels starts to
break down. The body no longer has the strength or resources to fight the
stress. They may experience:
- tiredness
- depression
- anxiety
- feeling unable to cope.
If a
person does not find ways to manage stress levels at this stage, they are at
risk of developing stress-related health conditions.
The sort of life events that can cause a person to experience stress and GAS include:
relationship breakdowns
losing a job
medical problems
money troubles
In theory, the fact that these situations
can cause GAS may be beneficial. The alarm reaction gives people a burst of
energy and concentration that could help them to problem-solve.
For most people, however, the physical
response their body goes through when they are under stress is not helpful.
Unlike threats people may have faced in
the Stone Age, a person nowadays is unlikely to be able to resolve a stressful
situation of modern-day life with a burst of energy.
Long-term stress can have a negative
impact on a person physically and on their immune system. A chronic stress
could:
- increase the risk of viral infection
- increase the risk of type 2 diabetes
- lead to stomach ulcers
- lead to depression
For short-term or mild stressors, the
alarm stage is not harmful. It is a natural mechanism that is designed to
protect the body from danger. However, when prolonged or chronic stress is
experienced, the body may not be able to repair itself in a timely manner,
which can lead to the exhaustion stage.
Understanding the stages of GAS can help
with the identification of personal stress signals, which can help with the
reduction of stress levels.
----
Consequences of Stress
These
can be :
a) Physical Changes (the effects on body): The
physiological changes in body give rise to various diseases e.g., dryness of mouth
and Throat, headache, pain in the abdomen, constipation/ diarrhea and increase
in Blood Pressure. In adults it is an important risk factor for ulcer, arthritis,
high Blood Pressure, Heart disease and Heart Attacks.
b) Affective Changes (the effects on feelings): These
are emotional and subjective in nature. They manifest as anger including hostility,
Aggression and fear. They are expressed through shouting, fighting, depression
or physical abuse. But physical illness can also result if emotions are
suppressed.
c) Behavioural Changes (the effects on actions): It
manifest in the following ways:
i)
Escapism: There is a decline of quantity of work. Slowness in the class or
absenteeism in the School/ from work is shown. Eventually, it can result in
school dropouts.
ii)
Carelessness and disinterest: It affects quality of work. Motivation may
decrease and apathy, Lethargy and lack of curiosity can develop.
----
Models of Stress
Stress
can be understood in terms of the following models:
Tiredness/mental fatigue: Stress can be understood at
the simplest level as our minds not having enough time to recuperate or heal
following a period of activity. Just as after a very busy day we want to chill
out and do nothing physically, we need similar breaks for our minds as well.
Unfortunately our minds never rest. Even during periods of rest and sleep the
mind is constantly thinking and planning. The only time when our mind rests
fully is when it is awake and is in an emotionally neutral state - neither too
happy nor too sad. Unfortunately we are always seeking some or the other
activity/situation to feel happy thereby giving little time for the mind to
heal itself.
Desire: Desires are the spice of life, without them we
wouldn't want to live. This makes us invent new desires when the old ones are
fulfilled. In fact a desire free state would be the most relaxed state to be
in. We do not feel okay when nothing much is happening in our lives. As a
result our minds are never free from thinking, planning, seeking, creating new
emotions and excitement etc. These apparently positive endeavours also result
in stress, which we can describe as a positive stress. If the desires that we
carry in our minds are not fulfilled it causes enormous stress, especially if
we cannot forgo them or work towards alternative goals in life. If the desires
are fulfilled it creates further stress as each desire attained sows’ seeds for
further desires.
Relationship model: Relationships can cause stress in
two totally opposite ways i.e. as a result of not feeling connected or feeling
isolated and as a result of being in an enmeshed relationship.
Existential model: Existentialism is a branch of
philosophy that believes that stress is an integral part of life and can not be
avoided. It goes a step further in saying that the real stress of being a human
being is much greater than we normally appreciate.
Strong negative emotions: This model is very close to
the desire model as unfulfilled desires lead to negative emotions. It is not
the intensity of the negative emotions that is linked to stress but our
inability to digest or process these negative emotions. This is closely linked
to our value system, world view, cultural beliefs, core identities and life
goals. These factors dictate what would/would not be acceptable to us.
Physiological model: Our nervous system is composed of
two different subsystems: the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous
system. The autonomic nervous system has been divided into two further groups:
the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
We experience stress at the body level in
the form of sympathetic nervous system over-activity or an imbalance between
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activation.
Normally both these systems work in
harmony, very much like the accelerator and the brakes in our car. But in
stress situations there is an imbalance between the two. It is possible to
correct this imbalance by means of biofeedback treatment and certain mind-body
therapies.
Genetic/biological model: For some individuals genetic
and biological factors play a major role compared to the environmental ones in
producing stress. These factors modulate release of certain chemicals such as
serotonin and adrenaline which are involved in producing anxiety and
depression.
----
UNIT 3: Stress Management- Assessment of stress, taking control, life
events and stress, success analysis
MANAGING STRESS
Managing or coping with stress involves
recognizing the sources of stress, how it affects and finding the ways to
master or control it. Early detection is the key for management of the stress
to help the adolescents lead a meaningful and socially productive life. A
pragmatic approach in this regards is needed wherein adolescents, parents/
teachers, counsellors and community, all have to play a positive and
constructive role to avoid the menace of stress and its consequences.
Various ways to manage stress in adolescence:
The adolescents can help themselves and
lead a stress free life by following some simple guidelines:
1) Think positively: Positive thinking improves our
ability to process information efficiently and enhances self esteem. It
inculcates optimism, giving us a sense that we are controlling our environment.
People with an optimistic outlook live 19% longer than those who are
pessimistic.
2) Be aware of your self: Accepting you as you are –
is the secret of high self-esteem. Do not condemn or have pity on yourself. You
are as unique and excellent piece of creation as anybody else. Identify your
strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. Work constantly to enhance your
strengths and avail opportunities while removing the weaknesses and threats.
3) Share with someone you have faith in: Remember,
sharing doubles the joy and halves the problems! Communicate your feelings,
worries, tensions and even secrets to someone you can confide in. He/ She
should be a known and trusted person to maintain confidentiality and avoid
exploitation.
4) Reflect: Perform a self analysis of the
circumstances/ situations and stressors (i.e. the factors causing stress). You
need to find out “what pushes your buttons” so as to strive to disconnect these
buttons. It can be person, a situation or sometimes even a thought of
something!
5) Recreation must be a rule: Try to establish a
balance between work and leisure activities, which is essential to prevent.
Destructive tension. Plan and enjoy more activities exclusively with your
family/ friends. It should be a routine to have some time for a walk, playing
games or watching T.V. during your exams too!
6) Learn how to relax: One needs to learn to slow
down. Remember, the nature too assists the slowing down process in a stressed
individual with diseases, heart attacks and increased accidents!
Be sure to take adequate rest. Sleep is
nature’s all time treatment to stress and tiredness. A good Night’s sleep
relaxes and helps to prepare for the challenges of tomorrow. Regular vacations
with Your family/friends rejuvenate you. Divert your attention from activities
/ situations causing stress. Engage yourself in some activity/hobby. Listening
to music, reading a book of jokes/ short stories Or even having a stroll with
your pet dog all have a good relaxing effect.
7) Make physical activity a routine: Exercises
refreshen and relax the body and mind. They increase blood circulation and
increase muscle tone. Walking, bicycling, swimming, jogging and out door games,
all have been documented to relieve stress.
8) Yoga and meditation are a great help: Yoga and
meditation provide mind control and hence, the harmony between body and mind.
The concentration of mind increases the self awareness and provides an
opportunity to revisit one’s desires, expectations and goals in the realistic rather
than expected and dreamy situation.
9) Develop readily attainable goals: Goals are the
statements of what you want to achieve. Successful people always set their
goals. These have to be developed step by step.
10) Develop hobbies and learn something new: Developing
hobbies adds flavour to life. Creating taste and attaining skills in poetry,
literature, music, paintings etc. give you a sense of achievement. Make a plan
of self improvement to learn something new in a specified time period.
11) Be assertive: Assertiveness is avoiding conflicts
by politely exercising your rights while respecting others’ rights too. It
avoids undue contradictions and aggression. The basic principle is you have a
right to request and other person has an equal right to accept or refuse. You
have to learn to say “no” tactfully to new opportunities and requests from
others that increase your tensions and anxieties e.g., a friend asks you for
smoking and you want to say “no!”
----
UNIT 4: Asserting Self, Communication, Time Management.
Assertive thinking balances an active
concern for one's own welfare and goals with an active concern for the welfare
and goals of others. It is a genuine, active, and persistent attempt to find
"win-win" solutions to problems. It includes a willingness to probe
more deeply into the motives of one's self and others to find out what each
really, really wants. It is an attempt to find general, lasting solutions to
recurring problems as opposed to only finding surface, temporary solutions that
cause the underlying problem to keep reoccurring.
Assertive methods of control. The
assertive approach attempts to tap into one's unconditional love and respect
for self and others and treat the other person in an understanding and kind
way, yet be able to be as direct, firm, persuasive, and persistent to
accomplish the win-win solutions. Honest, persuasive abilities and diplomacy
are key sets of skills that assertive thinking needs to be maximally effective.
Assertive behavior is generally understanding, open, direct, honest, caring,
calm, focused, persistent, kind, and firm. An assertive person makes every
attempt to de-escalate conflicts, but can escalate the level of response to
manipulation if necessary, The escalation generally uses more honest,
understanding, caring, persistent, and diplomatic means than the manipulator.
The goal is still to de-escalate and still find win-win solutions. Sight of
that end goal is never lost. The sections below will define assertive skills
for many different interpersonal situations.
The outcomes of assertive behavior.
Assertive behavior improves communication, solves problems better, and brings
people closer than any other approach. Treating people assertively will, in the
long run, maximize your chances for productive and happy relationships with
co-workers, friends, family, lovers, or almost anyone. Assertiveness works best
because most people like being genuinely understood and respected, they like
having adequate freedom and control, and they like win-win solutions.
Assertiveness works best because it motivates people to genuinely want to be
cooperative and responsible--not just feel obligated to do so. When there is
obligation, resentment and rebelliousness are often close behind.
Assertiveness not only works best when
your partner also treats you assertively, it also is the most effective
response to nonassertive, aggressive, or almost any type of manipulative
response. Remember that the assertive response is extremely flexible and
skilled. What you think, say, or do in response to nonassertiveness,
assertiveness, or aggressiveness may be very different, but your response will
still follow these general principles of assertiveness outlined above.
The main disadvantages of assertiveness
are: (1) Assertiveness is often a longer, more complex response (which may
mildly frustrate people accustomed to authoritarian directives or no
communication at all). (2) Assertiveness requires more training and skill
whereas nonassertive and aggressive responses are usually more primitive,
simplistic responses (even though both nonassertive and aggressive people may
take a very long route to say very little that is useful). (3) Assertiveness
means facing difficult, emotion-laden situations more directly and searching
for the most upsetting underlying cause. This can be an uncomfortable prospect
for habitually nonassertive or aggressive people who usually avoid facing the
root causes of their problems. However, achieving deeper insight is a key to
finding immediate and lasting solutions to problems--a hallmark of the
assertive approach.
Some people believe that assertive means
of influence are not as effective as aggressive, dominating, or manipulative
means. Space concerns preclude a full discussion of this issue. However, it is
very clear that assertiveness is much more effective--especially in the long
run. People who know that their partners genuinely care for them and will treat
them understandingly, honestly, and kindly are much more likely to cooperate,
care back, give back, and stay in the relationship longer. These outcomes of
assertiveness are especially true of close relationships such as family,
romantic, friendship, and business relationships. I have seen this outcome in
hundreds of relationships and research produces the same conclusion. Our scales
on the Stevens Relationship Questionnaire (now part of SHAQ-see below) found
correlations of more than .70 between our scales of assertive conflict
resolution and assertive intimacy skills and a standard scale of relationship
satisfaction (the Locke-Wallace scale). Don't be fooled; assertiveness works
better overall!
----
Assertive Communication
Some qualities of assertive-assertive communication
include:
Caring: they express caring and
compliments frequently (even at the height of conflict)
Open: they are open and honest about their
thoughts and in discussing (not acting out) their emotions.
Focused, yet diplomatic:. important
discussions get to the point directly, but kindly and diplomatically.
Active listening: partners actively listen
for deeper meaning and respond with empathy and questions to help their partner
get to the heart of the issue. They truly consider what their partner is saying
instead of just focusing on their own thoughts or their next response. They
take time to consider both their partner's and their own position (even at the
height of conflict).
Good boundaries: they focus on what they
can control--their own thoughts and behavior--not the thoughts and behavior of
their partner. When they think about or suggest possible solutions, they focus
on what they themselves can do--not on how their partner should change.
Partners telling each other how the other should change usually leads to
heightened conflict and little change. Partners suggesting how they themselves
can change creates appreciation, cooperation, and genuine change. You can still
ask your partner to change behaviors, but ask it as a favor and remember that
he/she is the one who will decide what to do. You must work on accepting your
partner as he/she is.
Constructive Use of Natural Consequences.
What do you do if the problem is so important that you can't just ignore it?
Alternatives include applying natural consequences, each doing their own thing,
reducing time with the other, or leaving the relationship. By each doing your
own thing and applying natural consequences, you can find creative ways of
providing strong incentives for your partner to change actions. Taking care of
your responsibilities and letting your partner take the full, natural
consequences of his/her own without intervening is a much better alternative
than "enabling" their behavior by buffering them from the natural
consequences. In extreme cases such as substance abuse, mismanaging finances,
failure to seek employment, or abusive behavior, it is extremely important to
take a strong, persistent stand against these behaviors, to not protect people
from consequences that may help the "hit bottom" and become motivated
to change, to set strong boundaries and protect yourself from these negative
consequences, and to strongly urge the person to seek help from professionals
and 12-step recovery programs (if appropriate). By taking a "tough
love" approach you are most likely to get a win-win solution in which (1)
you are minimally dragged into the abyss, and (2) the other person is most
likely to fully feel the consequences of his/her actions so that he/she is most
motivated to change. Nagging will not work, nor will just accepting them as
they are and protecting them.
Less important problems can still be
important to your happiness and the eventual success of the relationship. For
example, if your partner will not complete chores, try giving him/her
responsibility for the chores that affect him/her most and you least. For
example, if your partner lets his/her own laundry, personal finances, job, car
maintenance go, he/she may shape up after a while. If they don't take care of
the problems and your laundry, finances, etc. are OK, then you may be able to
accept their actions (or lack of actions). For the behaviors that affect you
the most, try creative consequences like putting items he/she doesn't put away
out of your sight in a place that may inconvenience your partner. Whenever you
plan to use consequences such as these, it is almost always better to get your
partner's permission. However, if you can't get it, you may still need to do
take these actions if the problem is too great.
No negative manipulation or aggression.
Assertive relationships are characterized by an absence of labeling (name
calling), blaming, anger, pouting, withdrawal, harsh judgments, put-downs,
passive agreement, hateful statements, all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization,
and harsh criticism.
Due
to these thoughts and behavior, assertive-assertive relationships tend to be
loving, open, interesting, more equal in decision-making, foster individual
growth and self-esteem of each partner, and be relatively conflict free. Though
there will be periods of conflict, the conflicts will tend to be at a lower
level of emotionality, more focused on the underlying issues, eventually find
win-win solutions, and not recur over the same issues later. Once a person
achieves this type of relationship, then that relationship becomes extremely
valuable. They are valuable because the relationship is such an important bonus
in their lives--they are so much happier with that person than alone, and they
know this kind of relationship is rare. That bonus happiness is the glue that
holds the relationship together and makes each partner so attractive to the
other. You look forward to being with your partner and miss them when you are
away because you have so much happiness together.
The description sounds more like a
romantic relationship, but similar dynamics occur in any assertive-assertive
relationship--parent-child, employer-employee, friendship, teacher-pupil, etc.
An employee of the late cowboy movie star, Roy Rogers, said that when Roy hired
him, Roy told him that Roy wanted him to be happy in his work. Roy told him
that any time he was not happy, he could come to him for help. Roy said the
employee could come no matter what the source of unhappiness was--work or
personal. The employee said that Roy really meant it, and people would often
come to him and receive help. How many employers have told you that? How would
you feel working for an employer like that compared to the ones you are used
to? Wouldn't this assertive caring tend to create an atmosphere of caring,
motivated workers who really cared about the goals of the organization?
Wouldn't this assertive caring lead to both enhanced employee happiness and
organizational productivity?
Persistence: Gentle, kind, caring, focused
comments are like drops of water wearing down the rock. If you persist, they
are hard to resist in the long run. You will not only be more successful
getting others to cooperate, you will likely earn their respect and affection
if you persist with assertion. Assertive persistence is one of the most
powerful tools you have. It breaks down the manipulation and other resistances
and plays to others' higher motives to do the right thing. It also makes them
realize that you are going to be a pain in the backside until they treat you
fairly.
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UNIT 5: Relaxation Technique: Meditation, Autogenic
Training and Imagery, Progressive Relaxation.
RELAXATION TECHNIQUES
There are a wide variety of relaxation
techniques, and some people seek help from therapists to learn how to relax.
Some common relaxation techniques include:
Aromatherapy: This approach to relaxation involves using essential oils and natural fragrances to reduce stress and induce a sense of calm. Research has shown aromatherapy can be an effective relaxation strategy, with some scientifically proven essential oils for reducing stress including clary sage, geranium, lavender, and ylang ylang (Cananga tree flower).
Breathing: Relaxation exercises that focus on slow,
deep breathing (also known as diaphragmatic breathing) can help people calm
down if they’re experiencing anxiety, stress, or panic. Diaphragmatic
breathing, even when used on its own, has been shown to greatly reduce an
individual’s cortisol (the stress hormone) levels and calm strong responses to
stress in the moment.
Exercise: Physical activity in the form of yoga,
jogging, and a variety of other exercise approaches have been shown in a wide
range of studies to tame stress and anxiety. Even taking short, daily walks can
help people relax.
Herbal remedies: Some individuals use herbal
supplements to aid in relaxation and lessen anxiety. A study published in
Nutrition Journal revealed 71% of test subjects found that passionflower and
kava extracts helped them reduce symptoms of anxiety. While some experts
suggest relaxation attributed to herbal remedies may be due to the placebo
effect, others find that taking certain supplements is indeed effective.
Individual meditation: There are many types of and
approaches to meditation, but most of them involve using a quiet, comfortable
space and focus to calm the mind and body. Multiple studies have shown that
meditation, particularly mindfulness meditation, may help improve anxiety
symptoms.
Massage: There are many types of massage.
The practice of massage often focuses on physically helping people reduce many
types of muscle tension, including tension caused by stress or anxiety. While
more research is needed to show that massage can effect long-term stress
reduction, at least one study has shown that cortisol levels are lower after a
massage session.
Medication: Anti-anxiety medication may be one
component of mental health treatment for an anxiety disorder. When used
appropriately, medication may help some individuals achieve relaxation and get
relief from tension. There are many types of anti-anxiety medications, so it’s
important to consult with a licensed mental health professional to learn which
one might be most effective for you.
Music: Some people listen to music they find relaxing
in order to achieve a sense of calm, reduce tension, or soothe sadness or
anxiety. Listening to music has been shown to reduce stress via the autonomic
nervous system, meaning it may be most effective at reducing stress when it
impacts a person’s heart rate, blood pressure, and other physical responses
that are often associated with stress or anxiety, such as sweating and shaking.
Progressive muscle relaxation: Progressive muscle
relaxation is commonly used to combat muscle tension that may occur as a result
of anxiety or stress. This exercise involves tensing and relaxing one part of
the body at a time. A study published in Biological Psychology showed that
progressive muscle relaxation lowered stress, anxiety, and cortisol levels in
test subjects.
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