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Click the above images to get Video explanation for the Prose, "On Heroes, Hero Worship and the Heroic in History" by Thomas Carlyle
B.A English Literature
[2nd Year, 3rd Semester]
British Literature -III
UNIT 2: Prose
2.2. “On Heroes, Hero Worship and the Heroic in History”
Lecture III - Shakespeare - By Thomas
Carlyle
THE HERO AS POET: SHAKSPEARE
About
Author:
Thomas
Carlyle was a Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian and
teacher. He was born on December 4, 1795, in Ecclefechan, in the Galloway
region of Scotland.
He was
a contemporary of the Romantic poets, translator of Goethe and historian of the
French Revolution. He wrote political essays, historiography, philosophical
satires and fiction in which he often blurred the boundaries between literary
genres.
Carlyle
died on February 5, 1881, in London, England. Upon Carlyle's death in London
interment, in Westminster Abbey was offered but rejected due to his explicit
wish to be buried beside his parents. His final words were, "So, this is
death. Well!"
He
presented many lectures during his lifetime with certain acclaim in the
Victorian era. One of those conferences resulted in his famous work On Heroes,
Hero-Worship, and The Heroic in History where he explains that the key role in
history lies in the actions of the "Great Man", claiming that
"History is nothing but the biography of the Great Man".
About
Prose:
On
Heroes and Hero worship comprises six lectures, delivered by Carlyle in 1840,
and it was published in 1841.
In this
series of lectures, Carlyle’s theme is the history of man, particularly of the
great man in different capacities. The great man, in his conception, is the
hero of the world, and he may function in any sphere of activities, religious,
literary, social, or political. In his lectures, Carlyle treats the six
different capacities of the hero-the hero as divinity, the hero as prophet, the
hero as poet, the hero as priest, the hero as man of letters and the hero as
king.
He
deals with Odin and paganism (of Scandinavian mythology) as ‘divinity’, the
Islam preceptor Mahomet, as ‘prophet’, Dante and Shakespeare, as ‘poet’, Luther
and Knox, as ‘priest’, Johnson, Rousseau and Burns as ‘man of letters’ and
Cromwell and Napolean, as ‘king’.
Shakespeare
as Hero-Poet:
On May
12, 1840, Thomas Carlyle gave his third lecture in his series on Heroes. Titled
"The Hero as Poet," it looked into the lives of Dante and
Shakespeare. His previous lectures, he said, dealt with the production of older
ages, "not be be repeated in the new." Divinity as hero and prophet
as hero would never happen again, he said. Mankind had advanced to the point
where he no longer stooped to such low intellectual things. Or, "if we do
not now reckon a Great Man literally divine, it is that our notions of God, of
the supreme unattainable Fountain of Splendor, Wisdom, and Heroism, are ever
rising higher...."
Ah, but
the poet! He believed we would always have poet-heroes. "...the hero...can
be Poet, Prophet, King, Priest or what you will according to the kind of world
he finds himself born into."
Speaking
about Shakespeare in his lecture, Thomas Carlyle opines that what Homer was to
Greece, and Dante to the Middle Ages, likewise Shakespeare was to the Modern
Age.
Shakespeare,
Carlyle says, "has given us the Practice of body" whereas Dante
"has given us the Faith or soul."
Shakespeare
may well be placed on a pedestal at par with Homer and Dante. Carlyle claims
that the “sovereign” poet, Shakespeare, “with his seeing eye, with his
perennial singing voice, was sent to take note” of the changing times in
Europe.
Shakespeare
worked as the Renaissance was unfolding,
which gave him advantages Dante didn't have.
Carlyle
is in all praise for Shakespeare. He calls him priceless; calmness of depth;
placid of joyous strength; great soul, true and clear; like a tranquil
unfathomable sea.
Shakespeare
is further on compared to an immaculately built house which makes us forget the
rude disorderly raw material with which it was built.
Carlyle
believes Shakespeare could have done so much more than he did, in terms of
politics or public leadership. In the same manner, his finished plays are just
as perfect as he is, and we can no longer discern the raw materials used to
make the plays. The insight with which Shakespeare arranged the plot in his
plays is in itself an art and shows the true intelligence of the man.
Carlyle
asserts that even the scientific works of intellect of Sir Francis Bacon is
earthly and secondary in comparison to Shakespeare.
What he
implies is that Shakespeare’s work is divine. If anyone in the modern times can
be compared to Shakespeare, Carlyle believes that only the German poet, Goethe
is somewhat comparable to the English bard.
Carlyle
further draws attention to Shakespeare’s skill at fusing the intellectual and
moral nature of man. He does this so perfectly in his works that there is
always continuity in nature. He calls Shakespeare the greatest intellect that
the world has ever seen. Carlyle terms this as the, ‘Unconscious Intellect’ and
also claims that there is more virtue in Shakespeare than he is even aware off.
Carlyle
believes Shakespeare’s art is not artifice but something that grows from the
depths of nature. Despite knowing the poet so well, we don’t know much about
his own life’s sorrows or struggles. It bewilders Carlyle how a man can
delineate a Hamlet, a Coriolanus, a Macbeth and so many suffering heroic
hearts, if his own heroic heart had never suffered.
In the
end he says, "Yet I call Shakespeare greater than Dante, in that he fought
truly, and did conquer."
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Click the above images to get Video explanation in Tamil with short summary for "An Apology for Idlers" by Robert Louis Stevenson
UNIT 2: Prose
2.1. An
Apology for Idlers - Robert Louis Stevenson
About
Author:
Robert
Louis Balfour Stevenson was a 19th-century great traveller and Scottish writer.
His notable for such novels as 'Treasure
Island', 'Black Arrow', 'Kidnapped' and 'Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde.'
Stevenson
was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on November 13, 1850. Stevenson’s first
published work, The Pentland Rising (1866), was on a religious theme
His
first volume of works, An Inland Voyage (1878) and Travels with a
Donkey in the Cevennes (1879). Stevenson's first book of short fiction
was New Arabian Nights (1882).
Stevenson
died of a stroke on December 3, 1894.
Summary:
"An
Apology for Idlers," by Robert Louis Stevenson, first appeared in the July
1877 issue of the Cornhill Magazine and was later published in Stevenson's
essay collection Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers (1881).
An
Apology for Idlers is a thought-provoking essay. It is full of humour, wit and
irony.
In his
essay An Apology for Idlers, R.L. Stevenson, the famous English writer argues
that idleness is as good as diligence in life.
The
prose starts with the conversation between Boswell and Samuel Johnson (1709–1784),
English essayist, poet and lexicographer, occurred on October 26, 1769 at the
Mitre Tavern in London. Stevenson misquotes Boswell. Johnson’s response should
read: “but if we are all idle, there would be no growing weary; we should all
entertain one another.”
An
industrious man is not happy if his hard work and achievements are not approved
by people around him. But on the other
hand, an idle man is not worried about such things because he is not working
hard and he enjoys life wandering along the street, hills and valleys and
meadows.
” Stevenson
continues to say, “Books are good enough in their own way, but they are a
mighty bloodless substitute for life.”
This
essay is a fine example of Stevenson’s scheme of values opposed to modern ideas
such as working hard, reading books, education in schools and colleges. He says
that education of the streets is even better than education in the class rooms.
Stevenson does not believe that books are indispensable. He argues that books
can never be substitute for life. Most
of the great men including Charles Dickens, Shakespeare and Balzac learned
lessons from the streets. They enjoyed Nature, the flow of the rivers, the
waves of the sea, the blue sky, the meadows and hills and valleys give man more
wisdom than what he gets in the class rooms.
Parents
and elders usually advise young men to study books with diligence to obtain
knowledge. But R.L Stevenson visualises a Worldly Wiseman angry with a young
truant because he runs away from class-room to enjoy Nature. The young man
tells the Wiseman that he wants peace and contentment. The Wiseman is again
angry with him and asks him to go back to school. But R.L.Stevenson supports
the truant.
The
author says that knowledge can be obtained from the streets and Nature too.
This knowledge is better than that of school or college. A truant is wandering
along open places, because Nature is an open book. It is full of knowledge and
wisdom. One can obtain wisdom by enjoying the beauty of Nature. The sweet songs
of birds, the rustle of leaves and the murmuring sound of the flowing river and
the breeze can give you food for thought.
Saint
Beuve the great French writer said that experience of life is a single great
book. R.L. Stevenson himself was a voracious reader and he loved books. But
books are not proper substitute for life. If a young man completely depends on
books for knowledge, he is as fool as Lady of Shallot. In Lord Tennyson’s
famous poem Lady of Shallot, the beautiful lady is under a curse, weaving a web
day and night looking at a mirror. She can see only shadows. She cannot see the
real life. Similarly a bookworm is also like the Lady of Shallot, and he can
never enjoy life which if full of experience and beauty of Nature.
R.L.
Stevenson says that busy people are not efficient in vitality. Idleness helps a man to develop a strong
individuality and he is very sociable and takes interest in mankind. He is a
man of great experience in life and he knows how to make others happy. He has
practical wisdom and can solve problems of life with a smiling face. On the other hand a man of industry is
selfish and narrow-minded. He has no curiosity and he is very dull. In school or college, these people had set
their eyes on medals and after leaving college, they think of only themselves.
After a long period of hard work, they are very tired. On the other hand, the
idler is energetic and happy. So he can make others happy .Stevenson says that
this is not success in life.
R.L.
Stevenson says that many people complain that idlers don’t do any work and it
is a national waste. But it is not true. Society if full of young men and women
and they can do every work. Even if a man dies, another man does his work. In
the fifteenth century when some people told Joan of Arc, the great French
heroine that she should work at home washing and spinning. She told them that
there are plenty of women at home who can do such work. Joan of Arc was very
young when she became a soldier and fought wars and won victories for France.
She is the great patriot of France.
R.L.
Stevenson says that an idler can give more pleasure than a busy industrious man
because the mind of the busy man is full of many plans and works to be done.
Pleasures are more beneficial than duties because pleasure is natural, but duty
comes from force or responsibility. Secondly pleasures give happiness to both
the giver and the receiver. So the author says that an idler is wiser than a
book-worm (man of industry). Stevenson says that an idler makes others happy
with his smiling face and kind words. The presence of such people at a dinner
or at a meeting in the streets makes everyone happy. Falstaff is preferable to
Barabbas. Falstaff is not very honest and a drunkard. Yet all people love this
Shakespearean character because he makes audience laugh and they enjoy his
presence on the stage. We can forget our sorrow and pain when we see Falstaff
on the stage merry making. On the other hand Barabbas is a character in
Marlowe’s play “The Jew of Malta” The Jew was greedy for money and did not help
anyone even with a smile. So no one liked him.
Finally
Stevenson points out that Nature does not care for the life of a single
individual. No one is so important in the society. Even if Shakespeare had
never lived, the world would not have been different.
Conclusion:
An Apology for Idlers is an eye-opener
for those who define idleness as just what it sounds: something along the lines
of insolence, laziness, sloth, etc. Stevenson’s definition and perception of
this concept changes our own views of idleness, and is successful in making us
rethink our condemnation of idleness. His discussion of busyness and its
negative aspects also changes our views on busyness as well.
Stevenson
writes as though he is celebrating only the tiny things in life, offering witty
observations and upbeat theories on subjects that vary from books to falling in
love. Idleness, as Stevenson sees it, is accepting the here and now and
learning to focus one’s mind on the aesthetic value of our environment. This,
he claims, is the source of far greater wisdom that that taught in the school
room.
1. Read the passage and describe the two key contributions
of Tipu Sultan to India and England. Justify why you consider them as the key contributions.
Work in pairs.
Ans:
Tipu
Sultan chief and ruler of Mysore’s Muslim performed numerous efforts and
campaigns to prevent the spread of British influence.
At
that time of history he was the only Indian ruler who had courage and
conviction to face mighty British. He defeated British army in first and second
Anglo-Mysore wars during the times of his father Hyder Ali.
Sri:Tipu Sultan remained loyal to Indian soil and never tried to bargain his
freedom from British as some of the rulers did in those times.
Jai:
Tipu Sultan was not only a warrior, commander, fighter and man of words but was
also an effective administrator and reformer.
Sri:Tipu Sultan had developed such a modern war technology which has been
discussed and recognized by his adversaries like his enemies, Britishers.
Jai:He was the first Indian king who had organised Rocket Artillery Brigade
which was known at that time as Cushoon.
Sri:Tipu Sultan expanded use of rockets making
critical innovations in the rocket themselves and the military logistics of
their use.
Jai:He deployed as many as 1200 troops in his army to operate rocket
launchers.
Sri:The rockets deployed by Tipu
Sultan during the battle of Pollilur were much more advanced from those the
British East India Company had ever seen.
Jai:Tipu Sultan was following an advance foreign policy.
Sri:It should be kept in mind that both Tipu Sultan and his father Hyder Ali
were independent rulers of Mysore.
Jai:Tipu Sultan was standing on a cross road of history.
2. Discuss in groups and Comment on the Rocket design
and
Craftsman ship of Tipu Sultan, in comparison with the
rocket designs that are being used in the present-day context.
Ans:
Kala: Tipu was able to take rocket technology to the next level
Rani:Mysore rockets, developed and deployed by Tipu’s
army during the Anglo-Mysore wars, was one of the first weaponised metal
rockets.
Kala:Tipu’s designs also incorporated swords in the
rockets, which served a dual purpose.
Rani:The swords acted as a guidance mechanism, providing
the rocket with stability during the flight, and towards the end of the flight,
the swords became a weapon.
Kala:The advancing British East India company forces were
repelled by Mysore army using several rounds of rocket fire.
Rani:The records of the third Anglo-Mysore war also had
mentions of rockets units being deployed by Tipu Sultan.
Kala:In the battle of Sultanpet Tope, during the fourth
Anglo-Mysore war, the troops moving under the cover of darkness came under
heavy rocket fire.
Rani: Tipu set up workshops to perfect these rockets. He had created a
designated force to operate the rockets, which was as much as 5,000-men strong.
Kala: The local craftsmen played a huge role in the development of these
rockets, using the trial and error method.
3. Suggest two different metals that can be used to
increase the efficiency of rocket technology.
Ans:
Aluminum or Titanium metals
are very strong but light weight.
4. Describe the “original rocket man” in comparison
with the “missile-man of India”.
Ans:
Tipu Sultan is known as
"The Original Rocket Man of India." who used Mysore rockets in the
battle against the British.
He was among the first ones
who used weaponized metal rockets and the British had to face heavy losses.
While APJ Abdul kalam is
known as "The Missile Man of India," as he played the main role in
India's space mission program.
5. On what principle does rocket-science work?
Ans:
Rocket works on
the principle of conservation of momentum. Rocket ejaculates gases in backward
direction which creates momentum of the gases backwards and thus by
conservation of momentum, the rocket gets momentum in the forward direction
making it move forward.
Source Passage 2: The Invention of Saccharine
(Book Page No: 10 to 13)
TASK 1: Do you know any of the differences between
Sugar and Saccharine? Discuss with your partner and write them down.
Ans:
Devi: Do you know any of the differences between Sugar and Saccharine?
Ram: Sugar is an edible crystalline substance that is
derived from sugarcane or sugar beet. But Saccharin is an artificial swetening
agent.
Devi: Sugar refers to easily metabolized carbohydrate;
sweetener is an additive that is added to foods for the sweetening effect.
Ram: Saccharine is about 550 times as sweet as cane
sugar. It is excreted from the body in urine unchanged.
Devi: Saccharine’s chemical name is o-benzoyl
sulfonamide.
Ram: It appears to be entirely inert and harmless when
taken. Its use is of great value to diabetic people who need to control intake
of calories.
Devi: So both Sugar and Saccharine are harmful, if
used beyond certain level.
2) How is sugar addictive in
humans? Do you have sugar cravings?
Ans:
Sugar consumption can create a short-term
high and a spark of energy in the body. Some studies have suggested that sugar
is as addictive as Cocaine. People often enjoy the dopamine release that sugar
brings. But due to the addictive nature of sugar, long-term health effects like
obesity and diabetes are a risk of sugar overindulgence. Similar to other
compulsions or behavioral addictions, sugar addiction is a special risk for
people with low moods, anxiety, and stress.
Anxiety and sugar craving have a direct
relationship. Eating disorders like binge eating or anorexia occur for
underlying reasons. Often times, the person suffering from such disorders is
struggling for psychological and emotional reasons. Stress eating is common
example of the relationship between eating disorders and anxiety, and sugar
consumption is commonly associated with stress eating.
TASK 2: Revisit the Text and
Reflect
Was the sweetness of
Saccharine discovered accidentally?
Discuss your opinions about
accidental discoveries
Ans:
Saccharin is noted as being the first
artificial sweetener, outside of the toxic Lead (II) acetate. Saccharin
(C7H5NO3S) was discovered in 1878 in the Johns Hopkins University laboratory of
Ira Remsen, a professor of chemistry.
In 1877 a Russian chemist named Constantin
Fahlberg was hired by the H.W. Perot Import Firm in Baltimore. Fahlberg studied
sugar, while H.W. Perot imported sugar.
Fahlberg received Remsen’s permission to
use the lab for his own research. Working alongside Remsen’s assistants,
Fahlberg found the lab a friendly place. In early 1878 Remsen granted
Fahlberg’s request to take part in the institute’s research.
One night that June, after a day of
laboratory work, Fahlberg sat down to dinner. He picked up a roll with his hand
and bit into a remarkably sweet crust. Fahlberg had literally brought his work
home with him, having spilled an experimental compound over his hands earlier
that day. He ran back to Remsen’s laboratory, where he tasted everything on his
worktable—all the vials, beakers, and dishes he used for his experiments.
Finally he found the source: an overboiled beaker in which o-sulfobenzoic acid
had reacted with phosphorus (V) chloride and ammonia, producing benzoic
sulfinide. Though Falhberg had previously synthesized the compound by another
method, he had no reason to taste the result. Serendipity had provided him with
the first commercially viable alternative to cane sugar.
Remsen and Fahlberg published a joint
article describing two methods of saccharin synthesis in February 1879. Though
they specifically noted its taste—“even sweeter than cane sugar”—neither
discoverer seemed interested in its commercial potential.
TASK 3: Here are some of the products
that use artificial sweetener. Discuss their pros and cons
Ans: PROS
1. An efficacious product for diabetics:
Artificial sweetener is a boon for diabetic
people with a sweet tooth. Artificially sweetened drinks can be an easy
alternative for those who regularly consume soft drinks and want to decrease
their sugar consumption.
2. Artificial sweeteners can be natural:
Even though artificial
sweeteners are a synthetic sugar substitute, it can be forged from natural
substances. Since they are much sweeter than actual sugar, they are an alluring
alternative for those who have weight concerns, diabetes diagnosis or other
medical needs. This is because of almost Nil calories presented by them.
3. Reduces calorie intake:
With almost zero calories, artificial sweeteners when consumed on a
regular basis, restricts the calorie intake.
For instance, if a glass of juice contains 5 teaspoons sugar, it adds
on to 100 calories in diet. Replacing this sugar with an artificial sweetener
cuts down on those unwanted calories.
4. Effortless and easy to use:
Because of its allied properties like sugar in baking, canning and
packaging, you will find them in a variety of candies, baked stuff, jams,
jellies, dairy products and carbonated drinks
5. Improved oral health:
Excess sugar consumption and tooth cavities are commonly seen to go
hand in hand. Sugar many times gets deposited in your teeth and causes
bacterial over growth and thus, damages the oral health.
Unlike sugars, artificial sweeteners do not react with the bacteria in
your mouth. This means they do not form acids or cause tooth decay
6. Variety to choose from:
There are many artificial sweeteners available over the counter.
Acesulfame-K, Aspartame, Saccharin, Sucralose, Stevia (Natural product and
widely consumed)
CONS: No food when consumed has only positive health benefits. There may be
some negative effects too!!!
1. After taste:
Some artificial sweeteners do leave a sour or a bitter after taste.
Many people may find the aftertaste very unpleasant. People who regularly
consume artificial sweeteners, do not easily accept other flavours in natural
foods
For example- They may reject fruits or fruit juices or may find them
different in taste as they are more intermittently using artificial sweeteners
2. Lack of bulk or volume:
Unlike natural sugar, artificial sweeteners doesn’t provide bulk or
volume to food. It requires careful reading and analysing of food labels before
adding them into your favourite cakes or sweets.
3. Health issues:
High consumption of artificial sweeteners is linked to higher risks of
cancer. Artificial sweeteners like Saccharin are considered potentially unsafe.
Also, studies have shown that aertificial sweeteners may surge the cholesterol
levels, neurological problems, metabolic syndrome and bad effects on liver
metabolism. Due to this it is been ditched by many people.
Always remember, you are replacing your sugar with sweetness from a
chemical source.
4. Gastrointestinal distress:
Loose motions, bloating or frequent gases are the most common side
effects seen due to regular consumption of artificial sweeteners.
5. Anything in excess is harmful:
Artificial sweeteners should be consumed in limited amounts. Many food
products contain artificial sweeteners exceeding the acceptable daily intakes.
In such a case, it is really challenging to ensure that you do not exceed their
safe limits
6. Weight gain:
Many people confuse sweetness with the number of calories they consume
each day. Hence, healthy natural foods are being replaced by artificially
sweetened foods which in turn adds on the number on your weighing scale.
Artificial sweeteners also increase the appetite. Because of this, your
tummy isn’t full even after meals and hence its challenging for you to stick to
your diet plans. An unfilled and nutrient deficient body asks for food again
and again
7. Different chemical composition:
Due to its different chemical composition and properties, the colour
and texture of your sweets or bakery products will change. The final food
product many times is lighter in colour or might be drier or denser in
appearance due to lack of moisture holding capacity of artificial sweeteners.
This in turn reduces the perishability of the food
TASK 4: Group Discussion
1. Whom do you think deserve
the credits of the Saccharine Invention?
Ans:
Saccharin was the first widely
commercialized non-nutritive sweetener. It was discovered in 1879 by Constantin
Fahlberg in the laboratory of Ira Remsen at Johns Hopkins University
(Baltimore).
Both the chemists Ira Remsen and Constantin
Fahlberg deservethe credits of the Saccharine Invention
2. What do you know about the
Patenting of scientific products?
Ans:
Governments issue patents. A patent is a
document that gives an inventor the right to prevent others from making, using
or selling a novel device, process or application for something. Of course,
others can in fact make, use or sell someone else’s patented invention — but
only with the creator’s permission.
A creator gives his or her permission by “licensing”
a patented invention to a person or company. Usually, that license will cost a
lot of money. But there are exceptions. Sometimes the U.S. government will
license something that one of its scientists has invented for just $1. In this
case, the idea is not to make a lot of money from the license. The goal instead
might be to control who can make, use or sell the invention. Or it might be to
keep others from getting a patent for the same invention — and then
overcharging others for the license.
In the United States, George Washington
signed into law the first rules for issuing patents. That was on April 10,
1790.
3. How do you associate the issue
to the present context?
Ans:
Saccharin, the oldest and first
commercially available artificial sweetener, was discovered in the 1870s and
patented on September 15, 1885. Discovered by chance, this organic compound has
made life sweeter for many.
Fahlberg and Remsen published articles on
benzoic sulfimide in 1879 and 1880. In 1884, then working on his own in New
York City, Fahlberg applied for patents in several countries, describing
methods of producing this substance that he named saccharin. Two years later,
he began production of the substance in a factory in a suburb of Magdeburg in
Germany.
TASK 5: Form groups and may
short presentations on the topics ADDICTION. You may use some of the cues given
based on the passage discussed above.
Ans:
Devi: Sugar is also
addictive like Drugs. Sugar is a substance that releases opioids and dopamine
and thus might be expected to have addictive potential.
Mani: Four components of
addiction are analyzed. “Bingeing”, “withdrawal”, “craving” and
cross-sensitization.
Devi: Many people claim
that they feel compelled to eat sweet foods, similar in some ways to how an
alcoholic might feel compelled to drink.
Mani: Sugar gives you an
initial high, then you crash, then you crave more, so you consume more sugar.
It’s this series of highs and lows that provoke unnecessary stress on your
adrenals.
Devi: Sweet sensation gives
sensory pleasures. Sugar is also associated with many chronic problems that
include decreased immunity, some chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, heart
disease, diabetes, pain syndromes, irritable bowel syndrome, ADD, chronic
fatigue, and candida.
Mani:Sugars stimulate
insulin secretion in the pancreas, which in turn stimulates the liver’s
triglyceride production.
Devi:Triglycerides are
linked to stroke, heart disease and obesity.
Mani: It provides comfort
and is eaten for comfort eating at times of stress and distress.
Devi: Sugar consumption
should be avoided and it is advisable to break the habit if you’re addicted tight.
TASK 6: Read and Word It–Sweet,
Sweeten, Sweetener
Ans:
Sweet (Adjective) - Fahlberg noticed an unaccountable sweet taste to his
food.
Sweeten (Verb) - Saccharin is used to sweeten products such as drinks,
candies, cookies, and medicines.
Sweetener (Noun) - Saccharin became the first commercially available
artificial sweetener.
Source Passage 3: Boolean Algebra
TASK 3: Think in Pictures
Ans:
Arjun
wants to learn Boolean Algebra. He has been telling himself “How to learn
Boolean Algebra all the while”. He feels tired and goes out in order to think
about a solution. He stops near a bus stop where there is an electric post with
the street light. He looks at a crow sitting on the electric wires. There is no
choice or alternative here, since it is only one crow to be found in the
horizon. Suddenly some idea strikes him and he shouts in joy thus: “Buddy, I
got it. Boolean Algebra is about ‘and, or, not’.”
Boolean algebra is the algebra of
two-valued logic with only sentential connectives, or equivalently of algebras
of sets under union and complementation.
TASK 4: Make a list on the
everyday applications of two-value Boolean logic. (Book Page No: 34)
Ans:
The usefulness of Boolean algebra comes
from the fact that its rules can be shown to apply to logical statements. A
logical statement, or proposition, can either be true or false, just as an
equation with real numbers can be true or false depending on the value of the
variable. In Boolean algebra, however, variables do not represent the values
that make a statement true, instead they represent the truth or falsity of the
statement. That is, a Boolean variable can only have one of two values. In the
context of symbolic logic these values are true and false. Boolean algebra is
also extremely useful in the field of electrical engineering. In particular, by
taking the variables to represent values of on and off (or 0 and 1), Boolean
algebra is used to design and analyze digital switching circuitry, such as that
found in personal computers, pocket calculators, cd players, cellular
telephones, and a host of other electronic products.
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Use an attention grabber
– a story/anecdote/joke to introduce yourself.
Answer:
Chennai is the
capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, Known as the “Gateway to South India. I
came from this place, Chennai. My name is Uma. I am the creator of Saipedia, a YouTube channel for English
learners. In my free time, I enjoy reading and surfing internet.
Exercise:
Page no - 27
1. Select a
brief newspaper report and read it aloud.
Answer:
21-09-2021, Chennai
A computer
literacy camp was recently organized in Chennai by the Vivekananda Literary
Club. The primary goal of the school was to educate young adults and children
about the usage of computers. It also aimed to educate the dangers of online
bullying.
The computer
literacy camp began with an inaugural speech from the chief guest, Mrs. Vijayalaksmi,
the CEO and founder of Infomedia, a startup that is well-known for producing
affordable and compact personal computers. Close to 250 people had attended the
camp’s inauguration, with even more turning up by midday. The camp taught the
basics of computers – such as its operating system, basic hardware and also the
internet. The participants were also taught how to use the internet while
avoiding dangers such as online-bullying and safe-browsing practices. These
valuable insights helped the participants to be more productive and also stay
safe when using a computer.
The camp ended
with the chief guest distributing participation certificates to the volunteers.
Overall, there was an atmosphere of enthusiasm and learning.
2. Select a
small passage on an achiever in the field of sports/medicine/any other and read
it aloud.
Answer:
At Rio 2016,
Mariyappan Thangavelu won India’s first Paralympic gold medal since 2004 with
victory in the men’s high jump T42. His achievements and life are now being
made in to a film titled “Mariyappan” by director Aishwaryaa Dhanush.
He qualified for
Rio in March 2016 clearing a height of 1.78m at the Grand Prix in Tunis,
Tunisia. He secured Paralympic gold in Rio with a jump of 1.89m, an Asian
record.
Encouraged to
take up sport by his physical education teacher, Thangavelu got into athletics
while he was a student at school in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
He injured his
leg at age nine when a bus rolled over it on his way to school, crushing it
below the knee. The accident stunted the growth of his leg. In 2015, Thangavelu
completed a bachelor's degree in business administration from AVS College of
Arts and Science.
In
2017 he was presented with the Padma Shri Award, India's fourth highest
national civilian honour. He was flag bearer for India at the opening ceremony
of the 2018 Asian Para Games in Indonesia.
In
2020 he was presented with the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, the highest
sporting honour in India.
3.
Prepare a list of quotes on any topic of your choice and read them aloud.
Answer:
1.“Life is never fair, and perhaps it is a good thing for
most of us that it is not.” —Oscar Wilde.
2. "Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried
anything new." —Albert Einstein.
3."Don't let your happiness depend on something you may
lose." —C.S. Lewis.
4."Life's not fair; why should I be?" —Margaret
Atwood.
5."I can be changed by what happens to me. But I refuse
to be reduced by it." —Maya Angelou.
6.“Life is a journey, not a destination.” —Ralph Waldo
Emerson.
7."To thine own self
be true." —William Shakespeare.
8."To avoid
criticism: say nothing, do nothing, be nothing." —Aristotle.
9.“Tomorrow is
always fresh, with no mistakes in it yet.” —L. M. Montgomery.
10."I'm not
afraid of storms, for I'm learning how to sail my ship." —Louisa May
Alcott.
Grammar
In Context: Naming And Describing
Exercise
1 - Page no - 35
As
the focus of this lesson is ‘naming’ (i.e. use of nouns) and describing (use of
adjectives), can you list the nouns and adjectives in the story you have read?
Indian: Indian cuisine consists of a
great variety of food, ranging from Mughlai to various other regional cuisines.
It is one of the most varied cultured countries with umpteen dishes, each
unique in its own for uses of spices and herbs in several forms. In short
Indian cuisine is not a single cuisine but a collection of different regional
cuisines; each is its own distinct Indian food.
Chinese: It is one of the most common
cuisines we all are familiar with. Travelling from China till India, it has
changed its form, taste and spices to a great extent. But people still lookout
for authentic and exotic taste of the magical Chinese menu, a composite of
distinct regional cuisines.
French: France and French cuisine hold a
special place in our hearts. It consists of the cooking traditions and
practices from France, cheese and wine being a major part of the cuisine.
Italian: Italian food is much more than
cheese and pasta. It is incredibly diverse, with a few characteristics that tie
it all together. It includes an emphasis on fresh, local ingredients, and
letting them speak for themselves without too much fuss.
Japanese: It has gained popularity among
the foodies for its culinary aesthetics.
Thai: With Thailand being one of the most
visited countries by Indians, Thai cuisine has successfully gained its
popularity among the Indian masses.
Turkish: Turkish cuisine is a Middle
Eastern culinary paradise with some of the dedicated and exquisite dishes
accepted globally.
Work
in pairs: Page no – 38
1.
Describe to your partner, your favourite dish, how it is prepared and how it
tastes.
Answer:
My
favourite dish is "Fried Rice, vegetables, chicken curry and salad".
This is, in fact, the most popular menu in our country that people often enjoy
both at home and outside. I often devour this dish when I visit one of my favourite
eateries or restaurants.
To
prepare this menu, the rice is first boiled in water for about 25 minutes and
then fried with some vegetables, spices, onions and olive oil. The chicken
curry is prepared separately using some local spices and chicken, and finally,
the salad is prepared using different seasonal vegetables and fruits. Then
those vegetables and fruits are cut into pieces and mixed together with
mustard. Then these three items are served together. This is my favourite dish.
2.
Talk to your partner about any one of the abstract nouns you have listed.
Answer:
Friendship is a distinctively personal
relationship that is grounded in a concern on the part of each friend for the
welfare of the other, for the other’s sake, and that involves some degree of
intimacy. As such, friendship is undoubtedly central to our lives, in part
because the special concern we have for our friends must have a place within a
broader set of concerns, including moral concerns, and in part because our
friends can help shape who we are as persons.
Enrich Your
Vocabulary: Page no – 41
1. What is
meant by “intuition”?
Answer:
Intuition, in philosophy,
the power of obtaining knowledge that cannot be acquired either by inference or
observation, by reason or experience.
2. Explore
how you can use these words: vision, foresight, astute, perceptive, acumen.
Answer:
Vision - His vision is of a world that coheres through human connection rather than rules.
Foresight - They had the foresight to invest the money wisely.
Astute - He was an astute businessman who easily could turn a profit.
Perceptive - He was one of the most perceptive US political commentators.
Acumen - She has considerable business/financial acumen.
Express
Yourself:Page
no – 41
1.
Does the human world have a gender divide which cannot be bridged? Share your
views.
Answer:
The gender divide, or gender gap, describes the disparity
between different genders in society, and in turn the labor market and business
world, including inequality of opportunity, pay, progression, and benefits.
Many women have worked full-time for decades, and in all OECD countries, young
women are more likely to hold a tertiary (university) qualification than young
men. Nevertheless, women are still under-represented in executive suites and
board rooms as well as in higher levels of firm hierarchies, which could
reflect a huge loss of talent and educational investment to both firms and
economies.
Enrich Your
Vocabulary: Page no – 46
1.You can add to this word list of the qualities
of a good leader:
Answer
i. Respectful
- Respectful
Leaders will treat everyone equal.
ii.
Responsible - Responsibility is one of the qualities that define a good
leader.
iii.
Systematic - Systematic people prefer to think independently.
iv. Organized
- The
best of leaders are the best organized.
v.
Transparent - Transparent leadership means leading with openness and
honesty.
2. Make two
lists of sentences - one list of sentences where he uses ‘I’ and the other list
showing his use of ‘We’
Answer:
List of
sentences where he uses ‘I’
1. I am happy to join with you today.
2. I must say to my people.
3. I am not unmindful.
4. I say to you today, my friends.
5. I still have a dream.
6. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up.
7. I have a dream today.
8. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted.
List of
sentences where he uses ‘We’
1. Five score years ago we signed the Emancipation
Proclamation.
2. We've come to our nation's capital to cash a check.
3. We refuse to believe that the bank of justice is
bankrupt.
4. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in
the great vaults.
5. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America
of the fierce urgency of Now.
6. We must not be guilty of wrongful deeds.
7.We must forever conduct
our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline.
8. We must rise to
the majestic heights.
9. We cannot walk alone.
10.We cannot turn back.
11. We will be able to work together.
12. We will be free one day.
13. We will be able to speed up that day.
Express
Yourself Page no – 46 & 47
1. Read this
story and comment on the moral of the story:
Answer:
Remember that
important job? Done well Everybody will make sure Somebody did it and Nobody
will blame Anybody for not doing it.
The key to
effective teamwork is to create an environment where people do their best because
they want to.
2. Write five
sentences which form the speech of an egotist.
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